Moreover, their encoding needs to be logically integrated such that the behavioral response will match the expected valence that the CS predicts ( Josselyn and Tonegawa, 2020). To synthesize an adaptive associative memory that elicits an adaptive response upon future encounters with the CS, both the CS and the US must be encoded in the neural system. Consequently, the mere auditory cue prompted the dogs to salivate in expectation of their meal ( Pavlov, 1910). The famous pavlovian dogs set a classical example: These dogs were trained to associate a sound stimulus (the conditioned stimulus, CS) with food (unconditioned stimulus, US). An intriguing form of these behavioral adaptations is known as associative learning, where a link between two unrelated cues is formed. Learning and memory processes are presumably universal in the animal kingdom, forming the basis for adaptive behavior. This comprehensive study reveals basic memory-coding principles and highlights the central roles of sensory neurons in memory formation. The widely distributed memory suggests that integrated network plasticity, rather than changes to individual neurons, underlies the fine behavioral plasticity. Interneurons integrated the modulated sensory inputs and a simple linear combination model identified the experience-specific modulated communication routes.
Moreover, when considering the collective activity of the sensory neurons, the specific training experiences could be decoded. Interestingly, sensory neurons were primarily involved in coding short-term, but not long-term, memories, and individual sensory neurons could be assigned to coding either the conditioned stimulus or the experience valence (or both). Here, we have systematically studied how four types of associative memories (short- and long-term memories, each as positive and negative associations) are encoded within the compact neural network of Caenorhabditis elegans worms. A major goal in neuroscience is to elucidate the principles by which memories are stored in a neural network.
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